Abduction-Moving limb or bone away from body
Adduction-Moving limb or bone towards
body
Aerobic-‘with oxygen’; when exercise is moderate and steady, the
heart can supply all the oxygen to the working
muscles
Agility-the ability to change the position of the body quickly
and to control the movement of the whole
body
Alveoli-tiny air sacks of the lungs was gaseous exchange takes
place
Anaerobic-‘without oxygen’; when exercise is short, fast bursts,
the heart cannot supply blood and oxygen to the muscles as fast as the cells
can use them, so energy is released without oxygen
present
Antagonist-A muscle whose action counteracts that of another
muscle
Aorta-the main artery of the body, blood vessel transporting
oxygenated blood to the body tissues
Arterioles-blood vessels that are subdivisions of arteries,
leading into capillaries
Balance-the ability to retain the centre of mass (gravity)of the
body above the base of support with reference to static (stationary) or dynamic
Changing)conditions of movement, shape and orientation
Balanced competition-grouping based on size, age or experience
for an even match
Balanced diet-Daily intake of food containing right amounts and
types of nutrients
Basal metabolic rate- the level at which energy is used without
exercise
Body composition-the proportion of body weight that is fat,
muscle and bone, normally measured as a
percentage
Calcium- an essential element for strong healthy bones, dairy
products provide a good source of
calcium
Capillaries-blood vessels of hair-like thickness that connect the
arteries with the veins
Carbohydrate loading-eating large amounts of carbohydrate-rich
foods to build up glycogen levels in the body to use in endurance
events.
Cardiac muscle-only found in the heart, never
tires
Cardiac output- the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one
minute
Cardiovascular-relating to the heart and blood
vessels
Cardiovascular fitness- the ability to exercise the entire body
for long periods of time, this is dependent on the fitness of the heart, blood
and blood vessels
Cartilage-whitish, tough, flexible tissue found at the end of
bones, more widespread in infants, as during growth it is replaced with
bone
Circuit training-a series of exercises completed in order and for
a certain time limit
Circulatory system-transports blood, using the heart, through all
parts of the body
Classification-a way of sorting or organising
groups
Compound/open fracture-break of the bone that pierces skin,
causing a risk of infection
Concussion-injury to the brain, caused by a blow to the head, may
cause the person temporarily to lose
consciousness
Continuous training-aerobic exercising, at a moderate to high
level, with no rests lasting longer for a sustained period of
time
Cool down-exercises after the main activity gradually bringing
the body systems back to near resting
state
Co-ordination-the ability to perform complex moves using two or
more parts together
Cross training-using different training methods in the same
session
Dehydration-Extreme lack of water in the body, usually as a
result of exercising in hot conditions or heavy
sweating
Diaphragm-a dome shaped muscle that divides the chest cavity from
the abdominal cavity
Dislocate-disturb the usual arrangement of bones so that they
move out of their usual joint
arrangement
DRABC-Danger(to casualty or first aider)Response(different levels
of casualty response-alert/unresponsive; presence or absence of
voice/pain?)Airway (is there a blockage of the airway?)Breathing (is casualty
breathing?)circulation (is the blood
circulating)
Drugs-substances (other than food)that, when taken into the body,
cause a change; socially unacceptable drugs are drugs that are illegal to
possess
Ectomorph-body type with little fat or muscle and a narrow
shape
Emergency procedures-series of actions to be in a
crisis
Endomorph-body type that is apple or pear shaped with a large
amount of fat
Endurance-the ability to keep working over a period of time
without tiring or losing skill
Etiquette-a code of polite
behaviour
Exercise-a form of physical activity done primarily to improve
one’s health and physical fitness
Expiration-breathing out,
exhalation
Extension-increasing the angle at a
joint
Fartlek training-‘speed play’, changing speed distances and times
of exercise. With rests in the same
session
Fast twitch muscle fibres-Used in events requiring quick
reactions and power, muscles contract rapidly providing strength
Fatigue-extreme tiredness and physical
exhaustion
Fitness-ability to meet the demands of the
environment
FITT- Frequency, intensity, time and
type
Flat bone-also called plate bone, mainly linked with
protection
Flexibility-joints ability to move to their full
range
Flexion-decreasing the angle at a
joint
Fused-two or more bones knitted together so no movement
occurs
Glycogen-the form in which carbohydrates are forced in the muscle
or liver
Governing body-a group responsible for rules, procedures and
fixtures of a particular game or event
Haemoglobin-found in red blood cells, transports oxygen to body
tissue
Health-a state of complete social, mental and physical
well-being
Heart rate-the number of times the heart beats per
minute
Heat exhaustion-Fatigue brought on by the body temperature
rising
Hypertrophy-When muscle increases in size due to regular
exercise
Hypothermia-condition of the body when its core temperature falls
below 35 C
Individual needs-personal requirements for
training
Inspiration-the drawing in of breathing,
inhalation
Interval training-mixing periods of hard exercise with rest
periods
Involuntary muscles-muscles that work automatically, controlled
by the involuntary nervous system
Irregular bones-bones that have no uniform
shape
Isometric muscular contraction-muscle contraction with no
movement, there is increased tension but the length of the muscles does not
alter, e.g. When pressing against a stationary
object
Isotonic muscular contraction-muscle contraction that results in
limb movement
Joint-the point where two or more bones
meet
Lactic acid-Produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous
exercise, as a result of insufficient oxygen
availability
Ligament-tough, rounded, elastic fibre attaching bone to
bone
Long bones-those bones that are the longest in the body which
make up the arms and legs
Main activity-period of training, competition or performance when
all-out effort is applied
Masking agent-a legal substance for a sport, hiding the presence
of an illegal one
Maximum heart rate-calculated as
220-age
Mesomorph-body that characterised by being
muscular
Metabolic rate-the speed at which energy is used up
Minimum level of fitness-the resulting fitness level over a
period of weeks three to five exercise sessions of 20 minutes, raising heart
rate to 60%-80% of its maximum are
completed
Moderation-balancing training and not over
training
Modified game-a game with adapted rules, equipment and playing
area based on a full game
Movement-in motion, could be an action like running or swinging a
racket at a ball
Muscle definition-muscle
shape
Muscle tone-muscles in a state of very slight tension, ready and
waiting to be used
Muscular endurance-the ability to use voluntary muscles, over
long periods of time without getting
tired
Muscular strength-the amount of force a muscle can exert against
resistance in one attempt
Nausea-feeling of
sickness
Newton-a unit of force
Obese-a term used to describe people who are very
overfat
Optimum weight-ideal weight for a person, giving them the best
chance of success in an activity
Origin-the point where the tendon attaches the muscle to a fixed
bone
Overfat-a person living more body fat than is recommended for
their gender and height
Overload-following the principle that the body can only be
improved through training more and harder than
normal
Overuse injury-this can be caused by using a part of the body too
much or by too much repetitive training
Over weight-having weight in excess of normal, not harmful unless
accompanied by over fatness
Oxygen debt-the amount of oxygen consumed in the same time rest
(this results in a shortfall in the oxygen
available)
Performance-how well a task is
completed
Performance-enhancing drugs-substances that artificially improve
personal characteristics and
performance
Personal exercise programme-training designed specifically for
one individual
Posture-the way the muscles hold the body when still or in
motion
Power-the ability to complete strength performance quickly;
power=strength x speed
Prime mover-contracting muscles that cause
movement
Principles of training-ideas behind effects of
training
Progression-starting slowly and gradually increasing the amount
of exercise completed
Protect-guard against
threat
Pulmonary circuit-system of blood vessels that transports
deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and re-oxygenated blood back
again
Reaction time-the time between the presentation of a stimulus and
onset of a movement
Recovery rate-the time it takes for the heart and metabolism to
return to resting after exercise
Resting heart rate-number of heart beats per minute when the body
is at rest
Reversibility-any adaptation that takes place as consequence of
training will be reversed when a person stops
training
Rice-rest, ice, compression elevation ;in order of treatment for
a minor injury
Rotation-movement in a circular or part-circular
fashion
Sacrum-bones of the vertebrae, refused in adults ,making part of
the pelvic girdle
Shape-form or outline
Short bone-smaller bone found in the hands and
feet
Simple/closed fracture-break of the bone when the skin is not
broken
Skeleton-the arrangement of the 206 bones of the human
body
Skill-related fitness- physical motor abilities of the body
adapted to specific sports
Slow twitch muscle fibres-muscle fibres required in endurance
events
Somatotype-particular body type and shape of an individual, there
are three types: ectomorph, mesomorph and
endomorph
Specificity-concentrating on specific kinds of activity or
exercise to build specific body parts
Speed-the differential rate at which an individual is able to
perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of
time
Stress-a state of mental or emotional strain leading to anxiety
and nervous tension
Stress-related illnesses-illness such as heart attack, ulcer,
high blood pressure
Stroke volume-the amount of blood pumped out of the heart by each
ventricle during one concentration
Synovial capsule-tough fibre surrounding the synovial
joint
Synovial fluid-fluid helping to lubricate a synovial
joint
Synovial joints-freely moveable joints with ends covered in
cartilage
Synovial membrane-lining inside joint capsule where synovial
fluid is produced
Target zone-level of effort applied, often keeping within aerobic
levels but depending on specified training
intensity
Tendon-strong,non-elastic tissue attaching bone to
muscle
Training-planned programme which uses scientific principles to
improve performance, skill, game ability and motor and physical
fitness
Unconsciousness-state of unawareness, an unawakening
sleep
Valves-openings allowing blood flow in one direction, found in
the heart and veins
Vena cava-blood vessel transporting deoxygenated blood back to
the heart
VO2 max-maximum amount of oxygen the body can take in
Voluntary muscles-skeletal muscles, attached to the skeleton,
work consciously by the brain
Warm-up-exercises gradually putting stresses on the body systems
in preparation for the main activity
Weight training-progressively lifting heavier weights to improve
strength or lifting weights more often to improve
stamina
Adduction-Moving limb or bone towards
body
Aerobic-‘with oxygen’; when exercise is moderate and steady, the
heart can supply all the oxygen to the working
muscles
Agility-the ability to change the position of the body quickly
and to control the movement of the whole
body
Alveoli-tiny air sacks of the lungs was gaseous exchange takes
place
Anaerobic-‘without oxygen’; when exercise is short, fast bursts,
the heart cannot supply blood and oxygen to the muscles as fast as the cells
can use them, so energy is released without oxygen
present
Antagonist-A muscle whose action counteracts that of another
muscle
Aorta-the main artery of the body, blood vessel transporting
oxygenated blood to the body tissues
Arterioles-blood vessels that are subdivisions of arteries,
leading into capillaries
Balance-the ability to retain the centre of mass (gravity)of the
body above the base of support with reference to static (stationary) or dynamic
Changing)conditions of movement, shape and orientation
Balanced competition-grouping based on size, age or experience
for an even match
Balanced diet-Daily intake of food containing right amounts and
types of nutrients
Basal metabolic rate- the level at which energy is used without
exercise
Body composition-the proportion of body weight that is fat,
muscle and bone, normally measured as a
percentage
Calcium- an essential element for strong healthy bones, dairy
products provide a good source of
calcium
Capillaries-blood vessels of hair-like thickness that connect the
arteries with the veins
Carbohydrate loading-eating large amounts of carbohydrate-rich
foods to build up glycogen levels in the body to use in endurance
events.
Cardiac muscle-only found in the heart, never
tires
Cardiac output- the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one
minute
Cardiovascular-relating to the heart and blood
vessels
Cardiovascular fitness- the ability to exercise the entire body
for long periods of time, this is dependent on the fitness of the heart, blood
and blood vessels
Cartilage-whitish, tough, flexible tissue found at the end of
bones, more widespread in infants, as during growth it is replaced with
bone
Circuit training-a series of exercises completed in order and for
a certain time limit
Circulatory system-transports blood, using the heart, through all
parts of the body
Classification-a way of sorting or organising
groups
Compound/open fracture-break of the bone that pierces skin,
causing a risk of infection
Concussion-injury to the brain, caused by a blow to the head, may
cause the person temporarily to lose
consciousness
Continuous training-aerobic exercising, at a moderate to high
level, with no rests lasting longer for a sustained period of
time
Cool down-exercises after the main activity gradually bringing
the body systems back to near resting
state
Co-ordination-the ability to perform complex moves using two or
more parts together
Cross training-using different training methods in the same
session
Dehydration-Extreme lack of water in the body, usually as a
result of exercising in hot conditions or heavy
sweating
Diaphragm-a dome shaped muscle that divides the chest cavity from
the abdominal cavity
Dislocate-disturb the usual arrangement of bones so that they
move out of their usual joint
arrangement
DRABC-Danger(to casualty or first aider)Response(different levels
of casualty response-alert/unresponsive; presence or absence of
voice/pain?)Airway (is there a blockage of the airway?)Breathing (is casualty
breathing?)circulation (is the blood
circulating)
Drugs-substances (other than food)that, when taken into the body,
cause a change; socially unacceptable drugs are drugs that are illegal to
possess
Ectomorph-body type with little fat or muscle and a narrow
shape
Emergency procedures-series of actions to be in a
crisis
Endomorph-body type that is apple or pear shaped with a large
amount of fat
Endurance-the ability to keep working over a period of time
without tiring or losing skill
Etiquette-a code of polite
behaviour
Exercise-a form of physical activity done primarily to improve
one’s health and physical fitness
Expiration-breathing out,
exhalation
Extension-increasing the angle at a
joint
Fartlek training-‘speed play’, changing speed distances and times
of exercise. With rests in the same
session
Fast twitch muscle fibres-Used in events requiring quick
reactions and power, muscles contract rapidly providing strength
Fatigue-extreme tiredness and physical
exhaustion
Fitness-ability to meet the demands of the
environment
FITT- Frequency, intensity, time and
type
Flat bone-also called plate bone, mainly linked with
protection
Flexibility-joints ability to move to their full
range
Flexion-decreasing the angle at a
joint
Fused-two or more bones knitted together so no movement
occurs
Glycogen-the form in which carbohydrates are forced in the muscle
or liver
Governing body-a group responsible for rules, procedures and
fixtures of a particular game or event
Haemoglobin-found in red blood cells, transports oxygen to body
tissue
Health-a state of complete social, mental and physical
well-being
Heart rate-the number of times the heart beats per
minute
Heat exhaustion-Fatigue brought on by the body temperature
rising
Hypertrophy-When muscle increases in size due to regular
exercise
Hypothermia-condition of the body when its core temperature falls
below 35 C
Individual needs-personal requirements for
training
Inspiration-the drawing in of breathing,
inhalation
Interval training-mixing periods of hard exercise with rest
periods
Involuntary muscles-muscles that work automatically, controlled
by the involuntary nervous system
Irregular bones-bones that have no uniform
shape
Isometric muscular contraction-muscle contraction with no
movement, there is increased tension but the length of the muscles does not
alter, e.g. When pressing against a stationary
object
Isotonic muscular contraction-muscle contraction that results in
limb movement
Joint-the point where two or more bones
meet
Lactic acid-Produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous
exercise, as a result of insufficient oxygen
availability
Ligament-tough, rounded, elastic fibre attaching bone to
bone
Long bones-those bones that are the longest in the body which
make up the arms and legs
Main activity-period of training, competition or performance when
all-out effort is applied
Masking agent-a legal substance for a sport, hiding the presence
of an illegal one
Maximum heart rate-calculated as
220-age
Mesomorph-body that characterised by being
muscular
Metabolic rate-the speed at which energy is used up
Minimum level of fitness-the resulting fitness level over a
period of weeks three to five exercise sessions of 20 minutes, raising heart
rate to 60%-80% of its maximum are
completed
Moderation-balancing training and not over
training
Modified game-a game with adapted rules, equipment and playing
area based on a full game
Movement-in motion, could be an action like running or swinging a
racket at a ball
Muscle definition-muscle
shape
Muscle tone-muscles in a state of very slight tension, ready and
waiting to be used
Muscular endurance-the ability to use voluntary muscles, over
long periods of time without getting
tired
Muscular strength-the amount of force a muscle can exert against
resistance in one attempt
Nausea-feeling of
sickness
Newton-a unit of force
Obese-a term used to describe people who are very
overfat
Optimum weight-ideal weight for a person, giving them the best
chance of success in an activity
Origin-the point where the tendon attaches the muscle to a fixed
bone
Overfat-a person living more body fat than is recommended for
their gender and height
Overload-following the principle that the body can only be
improved through training more and harder than
normal
Overuse injury-this can be caused by using a part of the body too
much or by too much repetitive training
Over weight-having weight in excess of normal, not harmful unless
accompanied by over fatness
Oxygen debt-the amount of oxygen consumed in the same time rest
(this results in a shortfall in the oxygen
available)
Performance-how well a task is
completed
Performance-enhancing drugs-substances that artificially improve
personal characteristics and
performance
Personal exercise programme-training designed specifically for
one individual
Posture-the way the muscles hold the body when still or in
motion
Power-the ability to complete strength performance quickly;
power=strength x speed
Prime mover-contracting muscles that cause
movement
Principles of training-ideas behind effects of
training
Progression-starting slowly and gradually increasing the amount
of exercise completed
Protect-guard against
threat
Pulmonary circuit-system of blood vessels that transports
deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and re-oxygenated blood back
again
Reaction time-the time between the presentation of a stimulus and
onset of a movement
Recovery rate-the time it takes for the heart and metabolism to
return to resting after exercise
Resting heart rate-number of heart beats per minute when the body
is at rest
Reversibility-any adaptation that takes place as consequence of
training will be reversed when a person stops
training
Rice-rest, ice, compression elevation ;in order of treatment for
a minor injury
Rotation-movement in a circular or part-circular
fashion
Sacrum-bones of the vertebrae, refused in adults ,making part of
the pelvic girdle
Shape-form or outline
Short bone-smaller bone found in the hands and
feet
Simple/closed fracture-break of the bone when the skin is not
broken
Skeleton-the arrangement of the 206 bones of the human
body
Skill-related fitness- physical motor abilities of the body
adapted to specific sports
Slow twitch muscle fibres-muscle fibres required in endurance
events
Somatotype-particular body type and shape of an individual, there
are three types: ectomorph, mesomorph and
endomorph
Specificity-concentrating on specific kinds of activity or
exercise to build specific body parts
Speed-the differential rate at which an individual is able to
perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of
time
Stress-a state of mental or emotional strain leading to anxiety
and nervous tension
Stress-related illnesses-illness such as heart attack, ulcer,
high blood pressure
Stroke volume-the amount of blood pumped out of the heart by each
ventricle during one concentration
Synovial capsule-tough fibre surrounding the synovial
joint
Synovial fluid-fluid helping to lubricate a synovial
joint
Synovial joints-freely moveable joints with ends covered in
cartilage
Synovial membrane-lining inside joint capsule where synovial
fluid is produced
Target zone-level of effort applied, often keeping within aerobic
levels but depending on specified training
intensity
Tendon-strong,non-elastic tissue attaching bone to
muscle
Training-planned programme which uses scientific principles to
improve performance, skill, game ability and motor and physical
fitness
Unconsciousness-state of unawareness, an unawakening
sleep
Valves-openings allowing blood flow in one direction, found in
the heart and veins
Vena cava-blood vessel transporting deoxygenated blood back to
the heart
VO2 max-maximum amount of oxygen the body can take in
Voluntary muscles-skeletal muscles, attached to the skeleton,
work consciously by the brain
Warm-up-exercises gradually putting stresses on the body systems
in preparation for the main activity
Weight training-progressively lifting heavier weights to improve
strength or lifting weights more often to improve
stamina